오승지SeungJeeOh

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to prove that the Buddhist dance, recognized to be the most artistic and principle dance, among Korean dances, is not only a dance with Buddhist meaning but had been influenced by diverse places through historically transitional and accommodation process to become what it is today, utilizing prior research reference data. Buddhist dance, which had advanced to the status today after the introduction new dances in 1900s had been transmitted without any dear public record thus lacking the record of historical data. Therefore, currently, there are many arguments regarding the origin of the Buddhist dance, even through various studies. This research investigates about Buddhist dance that had been studied based on the prior researches and reference data and tried to systematically summarize transitional accommodation process of the Buddhist dance. Following are the results driven from this research: First, theories regarding the origin of Buddhist dance in arts and sciences can be mainly divided into three stories, from Buddhist ceremony, traditional dance, and kibang (ancient bars with bar girls in Korea) arts. However, it is difficult to confirm that one of the three theories above is an accurate story of the origin of Buddhist dance. Secondly, it would be more accurate to say that the Buddhist dance had advanced under the influence and accommodation of diverse historical flow rather than relying on one of the theories of its origin. Thirdly, the flow of transitional accommodation of general Buddhist dance starts from the universal belief that the beginning of the dance originates from the religious meaning, following the secularization of Buddhism, in which the traditional dancing of Buddhist dance had proceeded to reach the status of kibang arts. And afterwards, the Buddhist dance that had been performed in kibang was put into a certain system through the pioneers of the Buddhist dance including Cho, Taek won and Han, Sung loon It was put into a form of stage art, and finally reaching its current status being inherited to Ham Young Sook Lee, Mae Bang, and many others.

Key Words

이학래HakLaeLee

DOI:

Abstract

Our endeavor to build a foundation for national unification sport is an attempt to contrive for the embodiment of proper physical education ideals during the process of Koreas changing from a divided country into a unified country. We are intensely concerned with finding possible nuns to promote sound mind and sound body in all national members and to achieve genuine welfare through physical education activities. In order to do so, national unification sport must overcome all problematical factors that have arisen since the division We must also provide people with actual experience of oneness and peace. In this perspective, developing grounded views of national unification sport should be or what it should do, and thus having a significant understanding of national unification sport to support the views is necessary. A theoretical and practical approach to building a foundation for national unification sport is to expand the focus of discussions about the North and South sport exchange into that of collaborative life by the North and South Koreans. At the same time, it is necessary to move from its present position of being a political tool to its original position of contributing to societal welfare. This is a historical task that may act as a strong driving force for ultimately realizing a collaborative life. This signifies the process of changing North and South relations from that of reconciliation and co-existence to that of alliance and then union, as well as an attempt to study all conditions and important factors for building a foundation for national unification sport. However, this change in North and South relations cannot be brought about by itself, it requires a systematical device for incorporating these changes. Thus, efforts to sort out areas that cannot be accommodated by the current law system and to explore new ways to solve the problem are required.

Key Words

김석희SeokHeeKim , 신용석YongSeokShin

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to make concrete suggestions to improve the qualitative of the cultural physical education in the university and to enable students to enjoy the sports culture with more satisfaction. Through the individual interview and the group interview with the persons concerned, their written opinion, participant observation, and various data, the general matters of the cultural physical education were divided into three fields-curriculum, courses, and facilities. And then three fields were analysed in details. According to this analysis, three fields were not separated from each other but related with each other in the system. Now the students were not interested in the cultural physical education Tc solve this problem, the concerns and efforts of the proper authorities are required. Also, the cultural physical education is regarded and approached as `welfare` or `service. This study suggests adjusting the number of the participants, opening and expanding the physical facilities, cooperating with the athletic clubs in the physical education college, and building up working with the persons concerned in the university. The concrete suggestions of this study result are these: the increasing course-, of popular subjects, the opening of leisure sports curriculum, the rearranging the number of the persons present at each course, the course subdivision by skill abilities and genders, the cultivating professors` faculties, the opening and expansion of the elementary athletic facilities, the selection and management of specialized courses, the support, connection and cooperation with athletic clubs in the physical education college, the construction of the working with the related persons in the universities.

Key Words

신현규HyunGyuShin

DOI:

Abstract

This study is to investigate physical education and sport law as a basic right, social system, and scholarship for the necessity of physical education and sport law in Korea. First, physical education and sport law as a basic right in Constitution of the Republic of Korea should be prescribe of written contract definitely. Physical education and sport is not yet a expressed clearly as a basic right in Korean constitutional law. However, physical education and sport has been grown to theme of constitutional law such as environmental right. If other important natural rights not exclude directly because of common of constitutional value with these rights, constitutional law of physical education and sport is possible that apply through interpretation Therefore, physical education and sport is a right to guarantee from constitutional basic right and it takes lawful foundation as a basic right of nation sufficiently. Second, physical education and sport law as social system needs for physical education and sport reconciles to present society with justice and balance and it maintains to rational relationship with other social system. Physical education and sport law as maintain of sequence should be established by regulation, arbitration, control, and unity into intra or inter because it corrects and prevents to many problem and fault of physical education and sport as forceable systemic implement. Then, physical education and sport law as encouragement and promotion should be arranged as helping on establishment and performance of more safe and right policy for physical education and sport. Also, physical education and sport law as lawful protection and correspondence of lawful should be enacted for physical educator, sportsman, and their conference can be protect and correspond themselves from many disadvantage and illegal act. Third, continual study of physical education and sport law as scholarship needs and becomes to develop lively for legal knowledge that is to be cope with change of cognition and scholarship that is to be possess scholastic identity about physical education and sport law. Physical educator, sportsman and their conference did not disagree to that recent law about physical education and sport had enacted, revised, interpreted, and applied by view of lawyer or scholar of jurisprudence. Therefore, physical educator, sportsman and their conference can not only entrust legal problem of physical education and sport to field of law but also they should be correspond to legal as their sight now. Specially, jurisprudence of physical education and sport could be sure to develope as independent scholarship with other study field in the 21th century.

Key Words

장귀옥GueOkJang , 유진JinYoo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of physical self on self-esteem and dance practice, and whether physical self-worth and social physique anxiety exerted moderated effects of physical self-perceptions. One hundred seventy one female college students majoring in Ballet complete the Physical Self-Perception Profile(PSPP), the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, the Self-Esteem Inventory, the Dance Activity Questionnaire. Hierarchial multiple regressions indicated a significant interaction between of physical self-worth and attractive body, which support the moderating effects of self-worth on the attractive body and self-esteem relationship. Multiple regressions on dance practice showed no moderating effects of physical self-worth and social physique anxiety. Dance competence was the dominant predictor of dance practice levels in college Ballerinas. These results were discussed through the prediction of self-presentation theory and the previous studies using the PSPP.

Key Words

안민석MinSeokAhn

DOI:

Abstract

Korean sports development in the 21st century depends on a close connection between elite sports, community sports and school sports. The active connection between community sports and school sports, especially, will result in expansion of grass-root sports, which will result in securing an improved development in elite sports. This paper is aimed at promoting the connection between community sports an school sports and at showing the connected level between those areas, also at providing some ideas for activation of connection Quantitative data are collected from a survey of 79 sports leaders, 284 sports participants, and 147 specialists. The results indicate that the connected level between community sports and school sports is very poor. In spite of a necessity of interdependence in the three domains of facilities, leaders and programs, the findings reveal that the systemic and effective connection have not been accomplished. Therefore, a new policy approach is needed to improve the supplementary function Based on the findings of the research, finally, the paper provides several suggestions on policy to promote the connection between school sports and community sports.

Key Words

강효민HyoMinKang

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine closely the relationship between buying intension, information preference and information products types among users of sports information in internet. This study examined the 245 university students who were in a class related to physical education Data were collected by employing a questionnaire which was developed by sports sociologist and sport marketing scholars group. According to research questions there is multiple regression analysis in material analyses used. Conclusions from this study method and procedure are as follows: First, the two dimensions that are divided sports information product, there are partial influence on sports information preference. The higher information richness are more preference the star information and the competition information Also, higher the information accessibility is more important reference the star information, the competition information and the organization information Second, the two dimensions that are divided information products, there are partial influence on the sports information buying intension, just only accessibility for using in sports information is higher, they feel more positively in their buying intension Third, the sports information preference of users of sport information in Internet are partial influence on buying intension of sports information. As their organization information and the star information is higher, they feel more positively in their buying intension.

Key Words

오세복SeBokOh , 김동현DongHyunKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study has for its object that the sports` participation affects the satisfaction of elementary students, and it will be great help to the direction, development of physical education. Based on the preceding research, this researcher has put in practice of making up a question to 649 persons of elementary school`s 6th grade under 16 Administrative Offices in Busan. The data for research is settled statistically, using the program of IBM PC SPSS 10.0 and LISREL 8.30. The statistical method for data analysis has been in use One-way ANOVA, path analysis. The main points of the thesis, based on the sports` participation of elementary students and the satisfaction of school life are as follows : The sports’ participation, according to the satisfaction of school life has an affirmative effect, and the recognition’s participation has an affirmative effect on friends` relationship, teachers` relationship and studying. The justice’s participation has little an effect on the satisfaction of school life.

Key Words

이종영JongYoungLee , 남승구SeungGuNam

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between types of participation in leisure sports and abilities of leisure activity of colleges student`s. For accomplishing this purpose of the study, 633 subjects were sampled by random cluster sampling method from 5 colleges located in Seoul, in 2001. The analyzing data were selected 597. The survey questionaire were used to collect data. The questionnaire for ability of leisure activities was `The leisure and diagnostic battery` developed by Witt & Ellis(1987) and standardized in Korean language by Kim(1995). The statistical nethods utilized in this study for analyzing the collected data were descriptive statistics, factor analysis, ore-way ANOVA, ANCOVA and MCA. From the analysis of this study, the follwing conclusions were obtained: Firstly, college student`s abilities of leisure activities are partially different by socio-demographic characteristics. In detail, male is higher than female in abilities of leisure activities. And in family income, higher group, higher ability. Secondly, abilities of leisure activities are different by the types of participation in leisure sports. In detail, participators of team sports events is more ability than them of individual sprots events.

Key Words

임번장BumJangLim , 권민혁MinHyukKwon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine relationship between children`s motor ability and sex role identity. In order to meet the purpose, the relevant date were gathered from 269(139 male, 130 female) students at elementary schools. The statistical techniques used for the analysis of this study were discriminant analysis. The findings of this study were as follows; First, the motor ability of male children had influence on sex role identity. That is, the motor ability of male children was more excellent, masculinity and androgyny were higher. Concretely, strength had no influence on sex-role identity, but self`s evaluation and peers evaluation of male children were higher, masculinity and androgyny were higher. Second, the motor ability of female children had influence on sex role identity. That is, the motor ability of female children was more excellent, masculinity and androgyny were higher. Concretely, strength, self`s evaluation and peer`s evaluation of female children were higher, masculinity and androgyny were higher

Key Words

김범식BeomSikKim , 최병호BeungHoChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was performed to verify the effect of consumer utilization levels of commercial sports center on coach`s image, and following result was obtained based on the previously designed research method. Speciality-image of coach`s in CS.C(Commercial Sports Center) is a little high but attitude, quality, duty conception, role image is low and overall image is low woman`s duty conception and woman`s professionalism-image was examined relatively positive than man`s. It was examined that duty image is positive in 40`, qualification image in 30` and speciality-image in 20`. Monthly member was relatively positive in attitude, duty and quality image than the permanent member. The group having experience of athlete was examined relatively positive in attitude, specialty and role image than the one not having experience. Compared to the group with college degree, the group graduating just from high school was examined positive in overall sub-causes except specialty-image. utilization levels of CS.C has an effect partly on coach`s image. Exercise intensity has an positive effect on attitude, specialty and role image. And excercise frequency has an positive effect on attitude, professionalism and duty image.

Key Words

이종형JongHyungLee

DOI:

Abstract

This research has been performed for the purpose of aiming quality improvement of the school physical education and suggesting some programs to raise efficiency of physical, education promotion through analyzing the actual status for organization and appointment of specialized officials. For its sake, we made a survey of 147(elementary 73 and secondary 74) school commissioners, principals and assistant principals and 214 (elementary 116 and secondary 98) teachers involved in physical education including researchers in the 16 education administration offices of cities, provinces and districts in the whole nation under the Education Ministry asking some questionnaires. We prepared the questionnaires as inspection tools to meet the purpose of this research based on relevant items in Bucher`s questionnaires "Evaluation criteria for a physical education teacher`s teaching program" (1983) and prior researches in relation to this. For statistical treatment of this research, we calculated frequency of response and percentage for each question per each group classified into working area, sex, school class and post and implemented x^2 test for group comparison with sub programs of SPSS. The results are as follows: First, as for the status of organization and appointment for expert officials of the physical education promotion, it turned out portions of expert officials of physical education promotion are 31.9% of elementary school and 68.1% of secondary school in total. Such expert officials should be equally organized per each school classified into elementary and secondary school in each local education administration district and tasks of teacher responsible for the physical education promotion should be dramatically reduced so as to concentrate his efforts in teaching - the original purpose promotion of learning. Second, since there have been severe unbalance between elementary and secondary schools in the appointment of the expert post, its proper appointment should be done according to numbers of schools. Also teachers who have sufficient expertism about teaching methods of physical education, operation of curriculum and team, voluntary physical activities after school and physical specialty and aptitude should be appointed and number of its posts increased through reforming the national education system Moreover, the qualification in the appointment of elementary physical education teacher should be defined as one who has completed a deepened course of physical education at a educational university and kept on studying about physical education or who has at least a master`s degree in relation to physical education. Though additional point for instruction performance of physical education turned out 2∼3 to be proper overall, it is though 5 may be good for both elementary and secondary schools in considering level applied at secondary schools. And it is necessary to enlarge its applicable scope up to a national scale tournament not to limit it to the National Youth Athelete Game and the National Athelete Game. And the first thing to be considered in the appointment of an expert is he or she should have honest personality, abundant refinement, rich knowledge on overall of physical education and job handling ability evenly.

Key Words

신문선MoonSunShin , 김남주NamJuKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of physical education curriculum in North Korea in order to provide solutions to heterogeneousness physical education between in South and North Korea prepare programs for the normalization of the physical education in South. For this purpose, the raw data, printed in North Korea and South Korea used as reference. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. The curriculum of the high school physical education in North Korea decided according to Kim Jung-Il`s guide, Therefore, North Korea thoroughly controled and supervised the learning objectives, the learning contents, the learning evaluation and the management of curriculum. 2 The curriculum of high school physical education in North priority to its popularization and contributes toward building up the sport for life. 3. North Korea recognized the necessity and the importance of the physical education. As for, Labor Party and the Government achieved expansion and purchase the physical education of the equipment and the improvement in rewarding system for the physical education of teacher. 4. The training of the athletes was held after school in the sports center administered by the Labor Party.

Key Words

안자희JaHeeAhn

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to search for the perceptional level of the physical education program by the high school students and physical education teachers. This study attempted to investigate what differences were in the perceptional level of physical program between sudents and their teachers according to their demographic background and the type of group, and to identify in depth what the cause of the result was. This, study used the quantitative research methods as the research methods. In the quantitative research, the members of the high school located in the Seoul area as of 2001 were sampled as the subjects of this study using the stratified duster random sampling method. The questionnaire concerning the perception of the physical education program was distributed to them and recovered. Data were finally analyzed for a total of 599 persons composed of 549 students and 50 teachers. Factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-test and ore-way ANOVA(analysis of variance) were conducted on quantitative data using SFSS for Windows, Release 8.0 Program. The following conclusion were drawn through this research method. First, depending on their demographic characteristics. there were differences in the perceptional level of such variables as the degree of interest in the physical education program necessity for the program, students` attitude toward classes, teachers` teaching style, satisfaction with sports facilities, satisfaction with learning evaluation, satisfaction with program operations between high school students and physical education teachers. Second, as a result, the crippling phenomenon of program operations due to the current entrance examination system was found. And phenomena such as the lack of teachers` speciality on class instruction and the loss of responsibility for duty were found. The difficult situation of program operations was found due to the differentiation by school of sports facilities.

Key Words

김종욱JongWookKim , 허장JangHu , 김현식HyungSikKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to an analysis on class management method of secondary school physical education teacher. To achieve the purpose of the study, 100 middle school physical education teacher and 91 high school physical education teacher were selected using stratified cluster random sampling as subjects. The survey questionaries were used to collected the data. The open questionnaire that was used by Kim(2001). The statistics selected in this study were descriptive statistics and chi-square. As a result of the analyses of collected data, the following conclusions were obtained: Firstly, there was a indifference in student control method by education career of secondary school physical education teacher. Secondly, there was a significant difference in student control method by the school of secondary school physical education teacher. Third, there was a indifference in student control method by the school type of secondary school physical education teacher.

Key Words

이규식KyuSikLee

DOI:

Abstract

This study identified the effects of middle school students` achievement goal orientation in physical education on attribution styles and score in context of effectively designing instructive strategies as knowing the student`s thought and cognition. Recently, three-dimensional achievement goal theory including the goal to develop ability(learning goal orientation), the goal to demonstrate ability(performance-approach goal orientation) and the goal to avoid the demonstration of lack of ability(performance-avoid goal orientation) has emerged as a major new direction in motivational research(Button, Mathieu, & Zajac, 1996; Elliot, 1994; Elliot & Harackiewicz, 1996; Vandewalle, 1997; Middleton & Midgley, 1997; Elliot & Church, 1997; 정청회, 김선진, 김원배, 홍준희, 2000) This study included the idea, in the social-cognitive approach, before stimuli of teacher influenced not student`s response but previously but student`s cognition and thought. Subjects were 892 in the middle school. Tools were used to ad achievement goal orientation scale, attribution types scale and score of physical education. Results revealed that when they perceived task as success, learning and performance-approach had positive correlation with the effort and ability respectively, but performance-avoid goal orientation had negative correlation with ability and effort attribution and when they perceived task as failure, learning and performance-approach had negative correlation with the ability attribution, but performance-avoid goal orientation had positive correlation with ability attribution and learning and performance-avoidance goal orientation was statistically significant on the score positive and negative respectively. but performance-approach goal orientation was not statistically significant m the score These results could be useful to the design of student-oriented physical education classes and the plan of effective teaching strategies.

Key Words

박순이SoonYeePark , 신영길YeongGilShin

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of expression activities by primary school students on the enjoyment of physical activity. To accomplish the purpose, this researcher developed a program of expression activity learning as a part of physical education for 4th grade primary school students and then applied the program to 128 of those students which were divided into comparative and experimental groups. In this study, `Questionnaire Survey on the Enjoyment of Children`s Physical Activity` was used, which had been developed by Park, Soon-yee(2000) as suitable for Korean primary school students. Then the multi-variation analysis was carried out to compare differences between before and after the application of the program as above in accordance with students` gender and group. This analysis showed that learning based on expression activities were effective irrespective of such gender and group and that the learning influenced the enjoyment of physical activity.

Key Words

권문배MunBaeKwon

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

최규철GyuCheolChoi

DOI:

Abstract

This study analysed structural relationship of sports facility customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions for service quality. Service quality factors defined as tangibles, Reliability. Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy. Behavioral intentions was defined as Royalty and Brand switch LISREL model was used to develop dimensions of service quality of a sports facility and to explore the relationship between overall service quality of a sports facility, customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions. The empirical results are as follows. First, It has a significant relationship between service quality and overall satisfaction. Second, It has a significant relationship between overall satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Author shows that overall service quality affects customer satisfaction and behavioral intention.

Key Words

이승철SeungChulLee , 심상신SangShinShim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of service quality on purchasing behavior in ski resort during off-season for the managers of ski resort in marketing strategy and sales promotion in such a competitive situation of the ski resort industry. More specifically, the goal was to explores the effect of the whole service quality on service quality factors and users satisfaction on the whole service quality and repurchase intent, word of mouth on users satisfaction. A structural LISREL-based model is developed on the basis of a 697 non-member users in ski resort surveyed using the disproportionate stratified cluster sampling method from April to October in 2000. The results indicate that all of the factors which service quality is positively associated with the whole service quality in ski resort during off-season. The whole service quality also has a positive influence on users satisfaction and users satisfaction has a positive influence on repurchasing intent. but, users satisfaction has a not positive influence on word-of-mouth Finally, repurchasing intent is positive influence on word-of-mouth.

Key Words

홍계희KyeHeeHong

DOI:

Abstract

This study dealt with the methods to activate and improve TV broadcating, events, fan-services, and KBC internet homepages for promotion of Korea professional baseball consumption. For the purpose of this study, it investigated the consumers` attitudes and satisfaction toward TV broad e sting, events, fan-services, and KBO internet homepages, employing statistical methods including t-test, ANOVA, and Scheffe` post hoc. The study showed the following results. With regard to socio-demographic characteristics, 1) teen and 20s age groups and simple consumers tend to view TV broadcasting more than any other groups; 2) viewing TV broadcasting is due to convenience regardless of consumers` characteristics and information obtaining,` in particular, for active consumers; 3) most consumers hope to view more TV broadcasting than ever without interrupting entire broadcasting. Concerning events and fan-services, most consumers remember cheerleaders shows and athletes` signature events and anticipate TV star events, meeting events between athletes and fan, movie watching before the games, and music concerts. Regarding KBO internet homepages,` 30s and 40s age groups, higher educated cam, and active fans are more likely to hit its homepages than any other groups, demanding live internet broadcasting, and updated and detailed information Finally, this study suggested the basic strategies for facilitating the consumption of Korea professional baseball in terms of TV broadcasting, events, fan-services, and management of KBO internet homepages.

Key Words

신영균YoungKyunShin , 주동욱DongWookJoo

DOI:

Abstract

This research is prove how Analysis of factors affecting professional athletes` sense of expulsion crisis in mid-course The subject of study with the population belonging to professional union such as pro-baseball, pro-soccer, men and women pro-basketball is taking the liable sample of 403 people totally (baseball 115, soccer 50, women basketball 52 and men 351, women 52)with the systematic stratified cluster random sampling considering and event and research ability. The credibility of the questionnaire turned out to be .8298 on the test which is focused on the quantity rather than the quality of the Cronbach` αvalue. The processing of the data put the separate data which analyzable into the computer and used the cross tabulation with the stats interpretation program of various values. In that case statistic range is organized as P<.05. Following is the conclusion from these analyses. 1. the most important factor on the sense is the team`s stability and future 2. any human relation in the team has an effect on the sense 3. social and economic status is also included in the factors 4. annual salary level and contentment on the level have an effect on the sense 5. a relative position in the team lead to uneasiness and is one of the factors on the sense 6. team colour is also important factor 7. and self-confidence on getting a new job after retirement also has an effect on the sense.

Key Words

김영인YoungInKim , 고종욱JongWookKo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Taekwondo gym managers` competing values leadership on organizational effectiveness. The sample for this study consisted of 585 Taekwondo instructors from Taekwondo gyms in all parts of Korea. Data were collected by structured questionnaires and analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression method. The major findings of this study are as follows: 1) Taekwondo gym managers` competing values leadership had a great impact on organizational effectiveness represented by job satisfaction, leader satisfaction and organizational commitment; 2) Taekwondo gym managers` integrator, director and executor role had positive effects on Taekwondo instructors` job satisfaction; 3) integrator, monitor, considerator, director and executor role positively impacted on leader satisfaction; 4) integrator, director and considerator role had positive impacts on organizational commitment; and 5) Taekwondo instructors`s maturity, gender and organizational size did not moderate the effects of competing values leadership on organizational effectiveness. These findings were discussed and directions for future research were suggested.

Key Words

하지원JiWonHa , 전호문HoMunJun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of marketing strategies which were made by Korea commercial sport facilities to overcome economic downturn during the IMF economic crisis and to encourage the sport related companies and institutes to review and utilize some of the findings of this study for their everyday operations and help establish marketing strategy for challenging environment. The subjects for this study are 118 sport center managers from 8 cities such as Seoul, Inchon, Taegu, Taejun, Kwanju, Junju, Mokpo and Cheju. Survey and interview were used as the method of the data collection and collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square for analysis of general characteristics of individual companies in sport industry and changes of their marketing strategy and verification of marketing mix based on their geography. The results are as follows : A Common changes of commercial sport facilities in Korea 1) the changes of commercial ski facilities during IMF were characterized as reduction of the number of employees, decrease of their wage, change of ownership and temporary closure of their operation 2) Most of the commercial sport facilities experienced the decrease of the number of their customers 3) Over all revenue decrease was common during this period of time. B. Marketing mix strategy based on geographical location 1) For product strategy, based on geographical location, there were changes and differences in product and programs, mainstream product strategy and its development purpose. 2) For place strategy, the distribution channel strategy and the level of inconvenience of location. 3) For price strategy, based on geographical location, there were changes and differences in price, price reduction method and objectives and relative price strategy 4) For promotion strategy, based on geographical location, there were changes and differences in public relation managers and, promotion managers as well as market promotion program contents.

Key Words

민현주HyunJooMin

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the status quo and tasks of dance performance in festivals, focused on Korean cultural festivals, during 1996∼2000. As a results, most dance performances in Korean cultural festivals were spectacle, because most dance performance in Korean cultural festivals performing at opening or closing ceremony. Therefore, dance performance in festivals must to solve two tasks, for popularization of dance; First, develope of various dance performance programs to introduce of residents. Second, develope of festivals that aim to activate dance performance.

Key Words

오유성YooSungOh , 하민수MinSooHa , 조준용JoonYongCho

DOI:

Abstract

To investigate effect of resistance training and aerobic training on post-exercise oxygen consumption(EPOC), oxygen comsumption(VO2), total energy consumption, catecholamine, cortisol, growth hormone and free fat acid, lactate, two groups of men participated in acute resistance and aerobic training. To know each subject`s VO2max, 8 each healthy male college students performed graded exercise test using bruce protocol and then four subjects performed resistance training which consist of three sets of six exercises at 60% of each subject`s one repetition maximum with a work of 300㎉ for 47min bout and other four subjects performed aerobic training, 24min bout of treadmill running to consume 300㎉ at matched rates of 60% VO2max. Blood was obtained at rest and immediately after and 30min, 60min after exercise for analysis of total epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone, lactate and free fat acid. EPOC, RER, energy consumption and VO2 was measured continuously during exercise and the first 5min into recovery, 10min, 15min, 20min, 30min, 45min and at 60min into recovery. VO2 during resistance training(6.80㎖/kg/min) and aerobic training(9.800㎖/kg/min) were increased immediatry after exercise(p< .001) and then gradually decreased until value of rest, respectively. Total excess post-exercise oxygen consumption(97.480㎖/kg/min) during resistance training and aerobic training(108.25㎖/kg/min) were not significantly(p >.05) different whereas total energy consumption during resistance training(107.25㎉/min) and aerobic training (111.43㎉/min) were significantly(p<.05) different Respiratory exchange rate of resistance training(0.82) is lower than that of aerobic training(0.88). The period of epinephrine level in resistance exercise(58.63pg/㎖) and that of aerobic exercise(73.22pg/㎖) were increased immediatey after exercise(p<.001) and then gradually decreased untill value of rest, respectively. also, the period of norepinephrine level in resistance exercise(392.70pg/㎖) and that of aerobic exercise(445.40pg/㎖) were similiar pattern(p<.001) in that of resistance exercise(58.63pg/㎖) and that of aerobic exercise(73.22pg/㎖) as above. The period of growth hormone level in resistance exercise(9.84pg/ml) and that of aerobic exercise(8.71pg/㎖) were increased immediatey after exercise(p<.001) and then gradually decreased until value of rest, respectively. FFA during aerobic training(370.90μEq/ℓ) were increased 30min after exercise(p<.001) and then gradually decreased untill value of rest, respectively. There are a significant difference among period of lactate level in resistance exercise(4.46mmol/ℓ) but not a significant difference among period of lactate level in aerobic exercise(2.74mmol/ℓ). The period of glucose level in resistance exereise(58.63pg/㎖) and that of aerobic exercise(73.22pg/㎖) were increased immediatey after exercise(p<.001). The results suggest that, in general, aerobic training elicit a greater elevated total post-exercise oxygen consumption, total energy consumption, oxygen consumption, and epinephrine and free fat acid than resistance training when two activites are perforemed at mached 300㎉ energy consumption of work and equal duration whereas resistance training elicit a greater elevated lactate, growth hormone and RER. Therefore, RER as consequence of resistance training will be overemphasized if based on exercise for oxidation of fats.

Key Words

위승두SeungDooWee , 서영환YoungHwanSeo

DOI:

Abstract

The effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine(L-NAA) on isolated aorta tone were studied in order to elucidate potential alterations in nitric oxide tone in genetically hypertensive rats after an acute exercise. After precontraction with KCI(25mM), L-NAA induced strong dose-response contractions. However, the maximal contractions were significantly smaller in exercise group than in non-exercise group. The mechanical elimination of endothelium inhibited markedly L-NAA-induced contractions. In intact rings, L-arginine inhibited completely the L-NAA effects in both group. In rubbed rings, L-NAA produced very small won in both groups. However, there were no differences between two groups. These results show that an acute exercise reduces significantly vasodilator NO tone in isolated aorta and it is principally due to the inhibition of endothelial resting vasodilator NO tone.

Key Words

김선호SunHoKim

DOI:

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the change of the BUN, sCr, Serum Electrolyte, Plasma Osmolality. Twenty-four young long distance runners, men groups(n=16) and women groups(n=8) participated in the study were trained with running over 20kms every day for 3 to 4 years. And the change of BUN, sCr, Na⁺, Ca⁺⁺, K⁺, Osmolality have been measured 3 times, before, immediately, and 30mins recovery period each after a 10km running at 5.35m/sec∼5.65m/sec. Statistical techniques for data analysis were two way ANOVA repeated measures. The results of this study were as following; 1. The concentration of BUN was decreasing tendency at 30mins recovery after increasing at exercise immediately of both men and women group respectively. But no significant difference was found between two exercise groups in before, immediately, recovery period each. 2. The concentration of Creatinine was increased significantly after exercise immediately and next began to decrease to arrive at resting level after 30mins recovery of both men and women group respectively. Also, the Creatinine level was higher significantly in the men group than in the women group at before, immediately, recovery period each. 3. The blood of Na⁺, Ca⁺⁺ were increased significantly after exercise immediately and next began to dose to arrive at resting level after 30mins recovery of both men and warren group respectively. But no significant difference was found between groups in before, immediately, recovery period each. Specially, the blood K^+ was not decrease to arrive at resting level after 30mins recovery in the men group. 4. The concentration of Osmolality was increased significantly after exercise immediately and next began to decrease to arrive at resting level after 30mins recovery of both men and women group respectively. But no significant difference was found between two exercise groups in before, immediately, recovery period each. These results identified that the renal function was normally maintained after long.

Key Words

장경태KyungTaeJang , 김영선YoungSunKim , 이상호SangHoLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3day/week program which emphasized interval running with 6day/week program which sized continuous running on maximal aerobic capacity and 3,000m running performance in modern pentathlonists. Training program lasted 4 weeks and 13 subjects(mean age, 21 yrs) were randomly divided into 3 day/week group(n=6) and 6 day/week group(n=7). Aerobic and anaerobic capacity and performance of the subjects were measured by treadmill running at 10% grade and 16km/h speed, treadmill maximal exercise test, and 3,000m running on 400m track Total running time, exercise heart rate, VO₂max, pulmonary ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio(RER), 3,000m race time were measured and results were as follows: 1. Total running time of treadmill running at 10% grade and 16km/h speed increase 5 seconds in 3 day group and 23 seconds in 6day group. Increase in 6 day group was statistically significant(p<.05). 2. There was no changes in VO₂max on both groups and maximal ventilation and peak RER showed a trend of increase. RER_peak was significantly increased in 3 day group. 3. Total exercise time of maximal exercise test increased 31 seconds in 3 day group and 67 seconds in 6 day group. Increase in 6 day group was statistically significant(p<.05). 4. 3,000m race time measured at 400m track improved 9.3 seconds in 3 day group and 6.3 seconds in 6 day group but it was not significant. After 4 weeks of training, exercise times on treadmill running at 10% grade, 16km/h speed and maximal exercise test were increased in 6day group. However, there was no improvement on 3,000m running in 6 day group and it suggested that changes in anaerobic capacity was not large enough to increase performance on 3,000m running. Although volume and frequency of running in 3 day group were reduced by 65% and 50%, respectively, VO₂max was maintained and 3,000m running performance showed trend of increase. These results were probably related with the increase in strength or neuromuscular adaptation(running efficiency).

Key Words

김희진HeeJinKim , 장경태KyungTaeJang , 진영수YoungSoJin , 박은경EunKyungPark

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare exercise program with biofeedback treatment, generally used treating for urinary stress incontinence, and to examine the effect of the exercise program on the change of stress urinary incontinence scale, maximal vaginal contraction pressure and maximal vaginal contraction duration of the stress urinary incontinence patients. There were 14 stress incontinence patients participated in this study. Seven patients were randomly selected as a test group who had exercised for 12 weeks, While the rest(7 patients) had been treated by the biofeedback. All 14 subjects had been measured maximal vaginal contraction pressure, maximal vaginal contraction duration and stress urinary incontinence scale using continence clinical at the beginning of this test and after 12weeks. The test group had been in the exercise program for 70 minutes per day over 12 weeks; in the mean time, the control group had been treated with the biofeedback electrical stimulation for 30 minutes a day, 3 days a week: over the 12 weeks. Any other type of treatment or exercise program was not performed during this period except for daily living activity. Two-way repeated ANOVA was performed for data analysis using SPSS Statistic Package ver. 10.0 (P <.05). The results of this study was summarized as follows; 1. For maximal Vaginal Contraction Pressure, there was a significant differences detected between pre-and post-test in both groups but no differences detected between exercise program group and biofeedback treatment group. 2 For maximal Vaginal Contraction Duration, there was no significant differences detected between pre-and post-test in each group but significant differences detected between ,exercise program and biofeedback treatment group. 3. For stress urinary incontinece scale, was giant differences (p<. 05) detected between pre-and post-test in both groups but no differences detected between exercise program group and biofeedback treatment group. As shown in this study, the result of exercise program was similar to that of biofeedback treatment in terms of the stress urinary incontinence scale and maximal vaginal contraction pressure. In conclusion, it would be recommended that the stress incontinent patients could more actively participate in the exercise program since the exercise program was proved to be as effective as biofeedback treatment in treating the stress urinary incontinence.

Key Words

박명수MyoungSooPark , 조준용JoonYongCho

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to compare the inducible FSP72 expression in heart and skeletal muscle of the rats by different exercise intensity during acute treadmill exercise. 6-wks SD male rats (150-180g) were employed for this study and the exercise level was different to as 0%, 17.4 m/min 15min, 5days/wk, 10%, 21.5m/min, 5days/wk, 13%, 25.5m/min, 35min, 54days/wk, 16%, 29.2m/min, 45min, 5days/wk, 18%, 30.0m/min, 60min, 5days/wk. This study showed that the synthesis and accumulation of HSP72 in heart, soleus and plantaris muscle of the rat following acute treadmil exercise was gradually increased m time-passed. the level of HSP72 in the heart and plantaris were maximally increased at 60min post-exercise. the level of HSP72 in the soleus muscle was highest at 45min post-exercise. Thus, the exercise stress caused increased HSP72 in all three tissues. Also, the level of HSP72 in all three tissues were proportionaly increased to exercise intensity. These findings demonstrate that increased levels of heart and skeletal muscle HSP72 expression rigorous treadmil exercise may be one of the adaptive mechanisms of the heart and skeletal muscle to cope with an increased dose of stress and thus, HSP72 responce to training seers to be dependent upon exercise intensity.

Key Words

김남익NamIkKim , 김영일YoungIlKim , 최건식KunSickChoi , 최춘길ChunGillChoi , 윤성SungYoon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the body composition myocardial oxygen uptake and electrocardiogram response in severe obesity with men. Subjects were compared on the control group(n=10, %Body Fat < 20%), obesity group (n=10, 20% <%Body Fat < 30%) and severe obesity group(n=10, %Body Fat > 30%) in meddle-aged men. The body composition including body weight, percent body fat, body fluid, BMI and WHR was measured. The resting and exercise rate-pressure product could be measured with heart rate and systolic blood pressure for myocardial oxygen uptake(MVO₂) measurement. The electrocardiogram QTc interval was calculated with Bazzett`s formula using manual. The result of this study are as follows; 1. In body composition, percent body fat, body fluid, BMI and WHR was showed significantly difference in third groups(p<0.05). 2 Resting and exercise myocardial oxygen uptake(MVO₂) was showed significantly difference in third groups(p<0.05). 3. In electrocardiogram response, resting, during exercise and recovery lead V₅ ST segment was showed significantly difference in third groups(p<0.05). Resting and recovery lead V₅ P-R, QRS, ST, QTc interval was showed significantly difference in third groups(p<0.05).

Key Words

도윤경YoonKyungDo , 신영오YoungOhShin , 오재근JaeKeunOh , 송동석DongSuckSong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate skeletal growth in rhythmic gymnastic athletes. The subject of this study consisted of 8 rhythmic gymnastic athletes and 8 non-rhythmic gymnastic athletes. They were participated in this study by their intention after drawing up the consent papers. Radiographs of right hand and wrist were taken by X-ray. Skeletal age was determined by RUS(radius, ulna, and short bones) with TW2 method(Tanner et al., 1983). Body composition was solved by body composition analyzer(Inbody version 3.0) and eating pattern was looked into by questionnaire. The results were summarized as following : 1. Body %fat(p<.001), body fat weight(p<.001) and lean body mass(p<.05) of a rhythmic gymnastic group were statistically lower than a non-rhythmic group. 2. Age of menarche, mense duration and the duration after menarche were denoted considerable difference between the rhythmic group and non-rhythmic group, but except for length of menses. 3. The result of TW2 for skeletal growth was shown that there were significant differencein 20 BONE(p< 05), RUS(p<.05), and CARPAL (P<.05) statistically. 4. Only the age of menarche and RUS had significant correlations(r=-.857, P<0.01) in the rhythmic group, but there was no significant correlation in the non-rhythmic group. Through this result, the rhythmic group had higher skeletal growth than non-rhythmic group. In concern with skeletal growth, menses, eating pattern, and body composition, only the age of menarche and RUS had significant correlation (r=-.857, P<0.01) in the rhythmic group, thus skeletal growth of the rhythmic group.

Key Words

신보삼BoSamShin , 오봉석BongSeockOh

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determining the most proper first stride length of Crouching Start Methods(Bunch Start, Medium Start, Elongated Start) of sprinting. Subjects of this study were middle-school boys(n=71) who were non-sprinters. The first stride length was divided into 4 conditions(46∼60cm, 61∼75cm, 76∼90cm, 91∼106cm). The record of acceleration phase(from starting line to 15m) was measured. The measurement times of every first stride condition were 142(subjects 71X2 trials). The results were as follows: First, in 15m record Bunch Start Method and Medium Start Method was faster than Elongated Start Method and the difference was significant(p< .01). But the difference between Bunch Start Method and Medium Start Method was not significant(p >.05). Second, in Bunch Start Method the record of the first stride 61~75cm was the fastest, but in Medium Start Method and Elongated Start Method was the fastest when the first stride was 91∼106cm. Third, all of the record of Bunch Start Method, Medium Start Method, Elongated Start Method was slow significantly when the first stride length was 46∼60cm(p< .01), but the difference 61∼75cm and 76∼90cm and 91∼106cm was not significant(p >.05). In conclusions, middle-school boys who are on learning the Crouching Start Methods show the different records of acceleration phase of sprint by the first stride length after starting. Therefore, when teach the Crouching Start Methods to muddle-school boys it is desirable to lecturing them to, mike their first stride length over than 46∼60cm.

Key Words

이종록JongRokLee , 김문희MunHeeKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the influence of the muscle peak torque and total work according to the period and treated group for low back pain patients with simple muscle weakness. Subjects hospitals patients have been were divided by two group (isokinetic exercise N=5, isokinetic and massage, N=5) for 3 weeks. Factorial ANCOVA design consisted of 2x3 (group x period) repeated measurements was used as the experimental design. The conclusions after analyzing the influence on muscle function recovery by the isokinetic exercise and therapeutic massage and as follows. 1. At the peak: torque of 60°/sec, there was statistically significant difference on flexion (p<.05), but there was not difference on extension 2 At the peak torque of 75°/sec, there was not statistically significant difference on flexion and statistically significant difference on extension(p< 05) 3. At the peak torque of 90°/sec, extension denote significant, difference(p<01), but even thought flexion denote no difference. 4. At the peak torque of 120°/sec, there was no difference on flexion but ststatistically significant difference as an extension(p<.05). 5. At the total work 60°/sec, there was statistically significant difference on flexion(p<.05), but there was no difference as an extension. 6. At the total work 75°/sec, there was no difference on flexion and extension. 7. At the total work 90°/sec, there was no difference on flexion and statistically significant difference on extension (p<.05). 8. At the total work 120°/sec, there was statistically significant difference on flexion (p<.05), but there was no difference on extension.

Key Words

한상철SangChulHan , 심현도HyunDoShim , 이상호SangHoLee

DOI:

Abstract

This study is about the effect of supplementation of androstenediol and 8 weeks of resistance training on strength, body weight, lean body mass, body fat, muscle size and serum testosterone level. The subjects of strudy are 10 males with more than 2 years of body building experience. The result of this study in body composition shows weight of androstenediol group(age 26.8±3.1; body weight 77.3±6.3) increase 280kg-from 77.30kg to 80.10kg. The lean body weight has increased 2.98kg from 67.70kg to 70.68kg and body fat has decreased 0.72kg from 12.14% to 11.42% to 11.42%. The difference of all three catagories has not been discovered in presupplementation group. The size of muscle had no statically meaningful diffence in both of two group. On strength, total weight(benchpress, squat, barbell curl) of androstenediol group increased 12kg from 299kg to 311kg and no change was shown in controlled group. The serum testosterone level of an drostenedipl group has increased 33.352ng/ml from 4,516ng/ml to 37,868mg/ml before experiment and increased 99.482ng/ml from 9.838 ng.ml after 8 weeks showing meaningful difference statistically. The supplement of androstenediol has short and long term effect on testosterone level in the body system. This short and long term change in testosterone level result in increase of weight, decrease of body fat and increase of strength.

Key Words

김용권YongKweonKim , 정연옥YeonOkJung , 진영수YoungSoJin

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate HR variation, VO₂, and exercise intensity on Reebok CORE training. 20 healthy young females volunteered to participate in this study(22.8±1.5yrs), and they don`t have any medical problems, and they have been carriers for 2 years as a aerobics instructor. We measured maximal oxygen consumption during walking by Bruce protocol. And then, we evaluated heart rate and VO₂ during CORE training by portable gas analyzer. The test used moderate intensity of CORE board as well as used 128 bpm. The result of stress test was as followed; VO₂max was 45.9±11.0ml/kg/min and HRmax was 191.5±6.4bpm. During CORE training, Heart rate maintained 176±11.3bpm and VO₂ maintained 35.6±4.4mkl/kg/min. It meant 91.9±2.9% of HRpeak, and 79.2±10.7% of VO₂max respectively. Calories expenditures per minute during CORE training was 8∼10Kcal, and O₂ consumption per minute was approximately 1.5L∼2.1L. In conclusion, The results of the study suggest that CORE training with 128 bprn was vigorous exercise. In the future, It will be continuously researched that exercise on unstable board like CORE training contribute to the proprioception of body.

Key Words

김기진KiJinKim , 천우광WooKwangChun , 김유진YuJinKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study examined the changes of blood metabolic variables and electrolytes concentration during 30 min submaximal exercise with exercise intensity corresponding to 60%VO₂max of cold(temperature 4±1℃, humidity 35±2%) and warm(temperature 21±1℃, humidity 65±2%) conditions, respectively. Subjects were consisted of 10 college-aged male students, and divided to 2 groups with obese(N=5) and normal(N=5) groups. Hematocrit showed a significant(p<0.05) increase during exercise than rest in both groups, and this increase showed a higher tendency in warm condition as compared to cold condition. Serum glucose concentration showed a significant increase during recovery phase than rest in both groups(p<0.01). Serum FFA concentration showed a significant increase during exercise and recovery phase than rest in both groups, and the increase tendency of obese group showed a significant(p<0.05) higher than normal group in cold condition. Serum insulin concentration showed a significant decrease during exercise than rest in both- groups(p<0.01). Serum cortisol concentration showed a significant increase during exercise and recovery phase than rest in both groups(p<0.01). Especially, obese group showed a significant(p<0.05) increase of serum cortisol concentration during exercise and recovery phase than rest in cold condition. Concentration of serum electrolytes showed a significant(p<0.05) increase during exercise than rest in both groups. These results dermonstrate the requirement of water replacement and the higher fluid loss of obese on the basis of a significant increase of hematocrit. Obese subjects showed the activation of fat metabolism during submaximal exercise. Because obese group showed a significant higher value than normal group in the change of serum cortisol concentration during exercise in cold condition, obese subjects showed the sensitive response to cold condition. For the detailed analysis of the effect of cold condition on the activation of fat metabolism during exercise in obese subjects, it is required the additive trials through longterm exercise.

Key Words

김효정HyoJungKim , 김창근ChangKeunKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of the potential risk actors including aging, weight, height, menopause and BMI with femoral bone loss. The bone mineral density of total hip bone and femoral neck, ward`s triangle and trochanter were estimated by Duel Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in 114 healthy women aged 37 to 75. Total hip bone mineral density was significantly correlated with age, bight and weight(p<.01). But partial sites show different correlation patterns. On the other hands, there was significant(p<.01) difference in bone mineral density according to Body Mass Index(25kg/㎡) in 66 early postmenopausal (within 10 years from menopause) women. These results support that age and weight could be important determinant of femur bone density and the BMI may be an useful predictor of femur bone density in early postmenopausal period.

Key Words

김상우SangWooKim , 배윤정YoonJungBae

DOI:

Abstract

To provide an appropria fitness program for elderly, the effects of participating in a 12-week exercise program including aerobic activities and strength training on fitness variables and sex hormones were examined. A total of 21 elderly men (n=10) and women (n=11) aged over 65 was recruited for this study, and comparisons were made before and after the exercise program. The level of the health related fitness variables such as strength, lower back strength, arm curl, sit and stand up, and 2-min walk were increased statistically (P<0.05). The shoulder joint flexibility was increased only in women (P<0.05), while no differences were found in sit-and-reach and chair sit-and-reach in both man and women. When considering skill related fitness, laying down and up, time up & go, and reaction time were reduced, and opened-eye one leg stand was increased (P<0.05). However, no differences were found in closed-eye one leg stand in both sex. In men, the estrogen(EST) and the testosterone(TES) levels were increased after exercise during the first and the sixth weeks of the program, respectively (t-test: P<0.05). In women, EST was increased after exercise during the sixth and twelfth weeks, but it was not statistically significant. Analyses revealed that EST had a tendency of increase in both before and after exercises (P<0.05). In men, both, linear and curvilinear relationships were found before and after exercises (P<0.05). However, only a liner relationship was found in both before and after exercise in women (P<0.05). No statistical significances were found in TES in both men and women. Based on the results, it was concluded that a 12-week exercise program of regular aerobic activities in conjunction with strength training could promote general physical fitness and increase sex hormones in both elderly men and women. Therefore, a regular physical, activity may require for these population to maintain healthy and active life style during the later stage of life.

Key Words

Byung Rou Kim , Hyen Sik Kang

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

지용석YongSeokJee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of pain degrees, range of motions, and musculoarticulation functions in 10 rugby athletes with isolated posterior cruciate ligament injury and grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ laxity after applying the rehabilitation exercise therapy(RET). 1. Before the RET, the pain degrees felt at the knee involved side were 4.4(±0.51), which showed between `very severe` and `unbearable`. But it decreased after the REF. The 2nd(13.63%), 5th(27.27%), 6th(40.9%), 7th(54.54%), and 8th(68.18%)weeks were significantly decreased. The pain degree in last week was presented `no or mild pain`. 2 Before the RET, the range of motion of the knee involved side was 112.2°, which was different in normal ROM(about 135°). But it increased after the REF. All of the ROM in each week were significantly increased. Especially, The ROM in last week was presented 134.7°. 3. Before the RET, the musculoarticulation functions of the knee involved side was very decreased than the uninvolved side. But it increased after the REF. In the peak torque (PT), flexor(hamstring muscle groups) and extensor(quadricep muscle groups) were significantly increased 74.41% and 86.06% respectively. And in the PT% body weight, flexor and extensor were significantly increased 84.85% and 76.39% respectively. Angle of PT was not changed after the REF. But in the acceleration time of PT, flexor and extensor were significantly decreased 60.25% and 61.19% respectively. In the average power(AP), flexor and extensor were significantly increased 204.13% and 110.72% respectively. And In the AP% body weight, flexor and extensor were significantly increased 176.93% and 90.71% respectively. Also in the total work(TW), flexor and extensor were significantly increased 297.45% and 189.84% respectively. And in the TW% body weight, flexor and extensor were significantly increased 265.98% and 153.86% respectively. In the PT DR(deficit ratio) between both knee joints, flexor and extensor were significantly decreased 80.55% and 97.12% respectively, which the involved knee side was showed nearly to approaching the normal range(±10%). But in the APDR and TWDR, only the extensors were significantly improved after the RET. In the HQR(hamstring/quadricep ratio) between both flexor and extensor, PT was decreased 11.51%, AP and TW were increased 49.75%, 108.07% respectively, which the involved knee side was showed nearly to approaching the normal range(50-70%).

Key Words

임기원KiWonLim , 서혜정HeaJungSuh

DOI:

Abstract

It is recently well researched that sports nutrition and food for promotion of exercise performance in athletes and ordinary people. It is important that athletes are offered water including Na ion in competition fields. The supplement of water, including 5-10% carbohydrate, during prolonged exercise (more over 1 hour) is positively effective for promotion of endurance performance. Glucose has a prompt effect on enhancing of blood glucose level because of higher absorption rate from stomach or small intestine. However, glucose does increase insulin secretion, resulting in inhibiting of lipolysis in adipocytes. Fructose supplement is better than glucose, because fructose has low action for insulin secretion Caffeine is one of the famous ergogenic aids in the athletic fields. Caffeine has been known to stimulate lipolysis that spares stored glycogen utilization during moderate intensity exercise. However, caffeine can not use actual sports field, because one of lopping materials. Carnitine and hydroxycitric add, riot dopping materials, can substitute for caffeine. The protein requirement for muscle hypertrophy is 1.4∼1.8 g/kg/day, although over-use of these levels is no effective. The protein coingested glucose could stimulate muscle protein synthesis rate than protein alone. And, immediate meal timing after exercise has more effective action for whole body protein synthesis than late meal timing. These results suggest that diet-therapy program for athletes should to involve individual nutrition education for athletes as well as coaches.

Key Words

김보영BoYoungKim , 이세용SaeYongLee , 최지영JiYoungChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The multiple regression results of intrinsic factors influence on impact force and pronation is as follows. The influence load value of intrinsic factors on maximum vertical reaction force were .597 β value in arch height, .358 in eversion, .297 in dorsiflexion, -.207 in plantar flexion, and -.194 in inversion Though there was only significant difference in eversion range of motion(p<.05), β value of arch height also reveals high impact on maximum vertical reaction force. These results indicates that decrease; of arch height result in decrease of maximum vertical reaction force to absorb and dissipate impact force. To decrease individual arch height, the orthotic is recommanded Decreasing the range of motion of eversion makes decrease of maximum vertical reaction force. These result also indicates that the subjects engaged in the gait analysis experiment should be controled arch height and eversion range of motion. The influence load value of intrinsic factors on maximum pronation angle were .350 β value in eversion, .298 in arch height, -.253 in inversion, -.047 in dorsiflexion, and -.038 in plantarflexion. Though there was only significant difference in eversion range of motion β value of arch height also reveals high impact on maximum pronation angle. These results indicate that control of eversion range of motion, decrease of arch height could prevent lower extremity injuries that occurred when excessive pro nation take place. These result also indicates that the subjects engaged in the gait analysis experiment should be controled arch height and eversion range of motion.

Key Words

이건범GunBumLee

DOI:

Abstract

The snatch techniques of 2 highly skilled man weight lifters were compared to those of 4 skilled woman weight-lifters while performing the snatch, from the lift-off of the barbell to the catch of the barbell overhead with the body in a squatting position The performing of them were videotaped using two digital cameras with the frame rate being 30 Hz. This data was reduced to 3D coordinates using DLT method. The results was the following; 1) Especially, the time performing the lock out, the duration time` in the snatching of the women was longer than it of the men. 2) The women raised the barbell to a relatively higher height, and catched it to a relatively lower height. 3) The women pulled up the barbell with the declined position of the trunk far off the vertical axis of the start position, and the backward declined position of the trunk and the upper extremities for the lock out phase was correlated with the height of the barbell, the transverse distance between the vertical axis and barbell, c.g. of body at the 3rd event. 4) The maximum vertical velocity of the barbell for the pull up phase was no difference between the women and the men, it of KO-M and S4 of the women was seemed it of world-class level. 5) The peak angular velocity of the ankle, knee, hip joints for all subjects` showed in the second pull phase, and it of the hip joints for the men and S3, S4 of the women revealed prior to the other joints, just after that, it of the ankle and the knee joints did at the same time for it phase, but the peak angular velocity of the hip joint for S1, S2 of the women revealed, immediately after, it of the ankle-the knee joint did in sequence. The angular velocity of, the ankle, knee, hip joints for all subjects decelerated in sequence for the lock out phase. The connecting timing of the peak angular velocity of the joints for the women was slower than the men in the second pull phase.

Key Words

Weight-lifter, snatch, pull phase, lock out

이대형DaeHyungLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the kinematics characteristics of successful performance of release and flight motion for double salto backward tucked, double salto backward stretched with 2/1 twist. Six national male gymnasts were selected for this study, their performances were filmed with S-VHS camera at the speed of 60 fields per second. And the Kwon3D 2.1 motion analysis program was used to obtain 3-dimensional data. Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Double salto backward tucked dismount 1) Fast vertical velocity of CG, large shoulder angle, fast angular velocity of hip and shoulder at release were important variables for increasing flight height during flight phase. 2) By longer flight time during flight motion, higher position of CG, small vertical velocity, large of hip and knee at landing were performed the safest landing motion. 2 Double salto backward stretched dismount 1) Slow vertical velocity of CG, small shoulder angle, large body angle, and short horizontal distance from release to peak were shown to be rapid airborne rotation velocity. 2) A low peak position, short flight time during flight phase, and a large vertical velocity at landing were shown to be unstable landing motion 3. Double salto backward stretched with 2/1 twist dismount 1) A high position of CG, fast vertical velocity, small angular velocity of shoulder and fast angular velocity of body were shown to increase rotation velocity during flight phase. 2) A low position of GG, fast vertical, very small angle of knee and hip joint were shown to be unstable landing motion and result in strong impact.

Key Words

류재청CheCheongRyew

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to suggest an experimental result for Quantification & prevention of factors influencing to Diving symptom(nitrogen narcosis)according to activity depth and both time. For this subjects participated consist of 5 SCUBA diver with SCUBA Diving experience over 300 tines. All subjects was tested kinematic & space cognitive ability with auto mirror tracer(Lafayette Instrument Co. Indiana, Model 58024) in each experimental depth(atm) of 0m(sea level), 10m(2atm), 20m(3atm), 30m(4atm), 40m(5atm), 50n(6atm) per every 2 weeks. 1. There was no significant difference statistically but delayed result in order of 10min, 15min., 5min., 20min. in reaction time to start signal according to by elapsed time & depth of underwater activity. 2. By depth, There was more delayed each mean 20% of 2/4phase, mean 14% of 3/4phase and mean 24% of 4/4phase than that of 1/4phase and therefore resulted in more dangerous situation in every depth than that of starting phase by reduction of space cognitive ability task during minute task performance in underwater. 3. By elapsed time, there was shown delayed result in order of 4/4phase, 3/4phase, 2/4phase, 1/4phase and particularly more delayed each mean 16% of 2/4phase, mean 11.6% of 3/4phase, 15% of 4/4phase than that of 1/4phase minute work performance capability in underwater. 4. By depth, There was more reduction each mean 14.87times of 2/4phase, mean 7.27times of 3/4phase, neon 5.13times of 3/4phase, mean 83.35times of 4/4phase in depth 30m(4atm), 40mn(5atm), 50m(6atm) of deeper groups than that of depth 10m(2atm), 20nm(3atm) of shallow water depth in minute & work performance capability but results of these was due to rather depth than duration in underwater activity and no interaction effect of two factors.

Key Words

고병구ByoungGooKo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to estimate the weight development of elementary school children, to examine the effects of genetic factors associated with children`s weight development, and to assess the relationship between initial status and change over time by using hierarchical linear models(HLM). The sample of 205 pupils of 6th grade in elementary schools located in Seoul was selected. The repeated measures on weight during elementary school were used as the outcome variables. Grade was used as a predictor related time at within subject level. Gender, age, and parents` physique were used as genetic predictors. The data were analyzed by using the HLM version 4.04. Following conclusions were made based on the findings of this study. First, Girls tend to be lower initial status on weight development than boys, and are likely to grow at a same rate on weight development. Second, gender and parents` weight are significantly related to the initial weight, and parents` weight to the growth rate. Third, the relationship between the initial status and the growth rate in children`s weight development is positive. In conclusion, for more valid inference in sports science study of change, the hierarchical linear models should be considered.

Key Words

이미숙MiSookLee

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

윤승호SeoungHoYun , 정옥조OkJoChung

DOI:

Abstract

It appears to be appropriate that the performance assessment, which emphasize the a rent on the process as well as the outcome, should be utilized as an assessment strategy in the dance, considering the purposes of dance such as balanced development of the body and acquisition of spatial perception through the dance and the enhancement of expression and creative ability thorough the creative performance. However, the performance assessment has not been utilized widely in the field because due to the following problems: 1) the subjective tendency of the assessment, and 2) inadequate understanding of the difference between the traditional assessment strategy and the performance assessment. This study was designed to examine the validity of the performance assessment and to provide the suggestions too enhance the validity in the process of dance performance assessment. The study would be considered as the first step to find the possibility of the performance assessment to be applied properly to the held of dance. The suggestions found through the examination were as follows: First, the performance task should be selected appropriately and should be consistent with the purpose of the dance education in order to enhance the content validity of dance performance assessment. Second, the selected performance task should be fulfilled actively during the process of instruction and should be reflected fully to the assessment in order to enhance the instructional and intrinsic validity of dance performance assessment. Third, the experiential evidence regarding the positive effects of the performance task should be identified in order to enhance the consequential validity of dance performance assessment. Based on the aforementioned suggestion, future studies exploring more valid performance evaluation strategy in dance assessment and would be warranted. The effort to develop the performance evaluation strategy applicable to the field of dance education would be also warranted. As a result of the attempts, it would be expected eventually that the performance assessment should be identified as the brilliant assessment strategy, which could assess the value of the dance.

Key Words